ZIJUE FAIDA YA KUTUMIA TANGAWIZI, HUTIBU MAGONJWA 72

ZIJUE FAIDA YA KUTUMIA TANGAWIZI, HUTIBU MAGONJWA 72

Ni kiungo ambacho kinatokana na mizizi ya mmea wa Tangawizi.
Mmea huu unafanana sana na Binzari ikiwa bado haijamenywa maganda yake. Na kwa hapa Tanzania Tangawizi hulimwa sana mikoa ya nyanda za juu Kusini na baadhi ya mikoa kama Kilimanjaro, baadhi ya maeneo ya mkoa wa Manyara, Morogoro, na kwingineko nchini.
Pia kama bidhaa inapatikana nchi nzima kwa bei nafuu kabisa na kila mtu mwenye uwezo wowote wa kiuchumi anaweza kununua aidha kwa kipande kimoja, fungu au kwa kilo pia.
Tangawizi inatumikaje ?:
Mmea huu unaweza kuonekana kama mmea wa kawaida na watu kuutumia tu kama mazoea lakini Kiungo hiki kinaweza kutumiwa kama Dawa. Kiungo hiki huweza kutumika kikiwa kibichi au kikiwa kimekaushwa na kutengen
ezwa unga.
Nini Faida ya Tangawizi?
Tangawizi ni mmea kati ya mimea mingi yenye maajabu, Mmea huu unaweza kutumika kama dawa na kutibu magonjwa mengi tu zaidi ya 72 yaliyo ndani ya miili yetu na kutuacha tukiwa wazima na kutekeleza majukumu yetu ya kila siku.
Pia kiungo hiki kinafaida zaidi kwa Wagonjwa hasa walio athirika na Ugonjwa wa UKIMWI. Hivyo chonde kwa wale wenye matatizo kama haya wanaweza kupata faida zaidi ya Maajabu ya Mmea huu wa Tangawizi.
Jinsi ya kuitumia kama Dawa:
Tangawizi ikiwa imesagwa au Mbichi iliyopondwa pondwa inaweza kutumika kama Kinywaji kama ilivyozoeleka kwa watu wengi.
Namna rahisi ya kuitumia Tangawizi ni katika chai, inakuwa ni mubadala wako wa majani yale meusi ya chai ambayo yenyewe huwa na kaffeina ambayo hupelekea magonjwa mengi mwilini (soma kuhusu kansa na uzito kupita kiasi kuyajuwa madhara ya kutumia majani ya chai nyeusi), Pia inaweza kutumika katika vyakula hasa nyama na mbogamboga zingine, inaweza kuongezwa katia juisi freshi pia na kuleta radha nzuri ambayo ni dawa pia.

Hutibu Magonjwa gani ?
Tangawizi husaidia yafuatayo:
Kuongeza hamu ya kula
Kupunguza kichefuchefu
Kutapika, kuharisha
Kisukari
Shinikizo la damu
Kuongeza msukumo wa damu
Kutoa sumu mwilini
Maumivu ya tumbo na
Gesi tumboni.
Pia husaidia uyeyushwaji wa chakula tumboni. Vilevile husaidia wakati wa matatizo ya mafua au flu na magonjwa mengine mengi.
Kama utakuwa makini au kuwahi kuwahudumia wagonjwa wa UKIMWI basi magonjwa hayo hapo juu ni kati ya Magonjwa nyemelezi yanao wasumbua sana hawa ndugu zetu hivyo wakitumia Tangawizi basi wataweza kuondokana kabisa na matatizo hayo na kuishi vizuri na kutekeleza majukumu yao ya kila siku na kuepukana na kulala tu kitandani.

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SULUHISHO LA NGUVU ZA KIUME NDANI YA SIKU 30.

SULUHISHO LA NGUVU ZA KIUME NDANI YA SIKU 30.

SULUHISHO LA NGUVU ZA KIUME NDANI YA SIKU 30.
Watu wengi wamekuwa wakiteseka na tatizo la upungufu wa nguvu za kiume kwa muda mrefu bila mafanikio. usisikitike wala kukosa amani tena kwani tatizo hilo limepatiwa suluhisho la uhakika. Tiba ya tatizo hilo ni ndani ya siku thelathini tu, na ikitokea umetumia tiba ntakayokupatia na tatizo likaendelea, nitarudisha hela yote uliyotoa kupata matibabu.

TIBA YA NGUVU ZA KIUME.
imejumuisha vitu vifuatavyo kuitengeneza.
- Marca (root)
-tribulus terrestris(fruit)
-muira puama(root)
-catuaba(bark)
-L-Arginine
-Saw palmetto(fruit)
-pygeum africanum(bark)
-co enzyme q-10
-soy exract.

BENEFITS
-known as the '' sex herb of the Incas''
-helps promote libido, stamina and energy
-promotes sexual arousal and endurance, prevents hot flushes, enlargement of the prostate, increase stamina during exercise, breast soreness and tenderness and many more.

FAIDA 100 ZA TANGAWIZI

Monday, June 24, 2013

FAHAMU SULUHISHO LA UPUNGUFU WA NGUVU ZA KIUME

Ukweli ni kwamba ndoa nyingi za Kikristo zinavunjika kutokana na tatizo hili. Je, hakuna haja ya kuitisha mjadala wa kitaifa? Taifa letu linaangamia kwa kukosa maarifa.

Hivi upungufu wa nguvu za kiume ni nini? Kifupi ni mwanamume kutokuwa na uwezo wa kutoa mbegu bora zenye uwezo wa kutungisha mimba, au kutosimama kwa uume.

Takwimu zilizopo zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 60 ya wanandoa nchini wanakabiliwa tatizo hili. Kwa hiyo, mabango ya waganga yaliyopo barabarani hayajapunguza kabisa tatizo hilo.

Hawa watu wanatibu watu au majini? Hapo ndipo kiini cha makala haya. Sababu kubwa ya ongezeko la wenye matatizo haya ni kwamba dawa nyingi zinazodaiwa kuponya tatizo hili hazina viwango vya kuitwa dawa, bali ni vichocheo tu kwani kinachopigiwa chapuo huwa ni kumudu tendo kitandani na si nguvu asilia.

Waganga wengi wameelekeza nguvu zao huko na ni hapo ndipo janga hili la kitaifa linapoota mizizi.

Ukweli ni kwamba upungufu wa nguvu za kiume hauondolewi kwa dawa za kuchochea nguvu wakati wa tendo. Hizi zina madhara makubwa na mara kadhaa husababisha vifo kwa wanamume wengi wakiwa ‘guest’ na vimada wao kwani hulipua moyo.

Ni lazima kiini cha tatizo hili kichunguzwe na tiba stahiki ipatikane. Kinyume cha hapo, janga hili linaweza kugeuka na kuwa dubwana kubwa la kutumaliza.

Matatizo ya nguvu za kiume huchangiwa na kuugua kwa muda mrefu, ugonjwa wa kisukari, kuvaa nguo za kubana sana, mionzi ya simu, kompyuta na mengineyo. Pia dawa za kuua wadudu huleta tatizo hili kwani zina viambata sumu viitwavyo ‘estrogen’, matatizo ya kisaikolojia, kupiga punyeto kwa muda mrefu na kutumia vyakula vyenye kemikali.

Utafiti unasema kuna uhusiano mkubwa sana kati ya upungufu wa nguvu za kiume na kuwa na sumu mwilini zinazotokana na vyakula vyenye kemikali tunavyobugia kwa kupenda au kutokupenda.

Ni kutokana na utafiti huo ndipo dawa bora yenye uwezo mkubwa wa kuondoa sumu mwilini kwa muda mfupi ikagunduliwa. Hii ikiwekwa kwenye kinywaji chochote chenye kemikali, mara moja hutenganisha sumu iliyomo humo.

Dawa hii pia huleta nguvu za kudumu za kiume, hujenga afya na kuleta nguvu asilia. Hutatua tatizo la nguvu za kiume huku ukiondoa pia tatizo la ugumba na ni vizuri wenye matatizo kama hayo wakatumia vyakula vya protini hasa ya mimea kwani hurutubisha mbegu.

Kuna aina 2 ya vyakula ambavyo vimefanyiwa utafiti na kubaini kuwa ni moja ya vyakula vinavyosaidia kuongeza nguvu za kiume na havina madhara katika engezeko la nguvu za kiume, katika vyakula hivyo vyenye uwezo wa kuongeza nguvu za kiume kiasili ni:

1. TANGAWIZI

- Tangawizi ni moja ya chakula kinachoweza kurejesha nguvu za kiume, unaweza kuichemsha tangawizi na ukatumia kwa kuinywa kama chai Asubuhi, mchana na jioni pia Tangawizi unaweza ukaitumia katika mchanganyiko wa kiasili kwa kutumia habat soda,asali,kitunguu saumu na tangawizi yenyewe. JINSI YA KUTUMIA MCHANGANYIKO HUU: Chukua tangawizi na kitunguu saumu vitwange kisha vichanganye na asali pamoja na unga wa habat soda na uwe unakunywa mchanganyiko huu kwa kutumia kijiko cha chai kimoja kutwa mara 3 kwa muda wa wiki moja na utaona mabadiliko.

2. TIKITI MAJI:

-Chakula kingine kinachosaidia katika upande wa kuongeza nguvu za kiume ni tunda la Tikiti Maji, unaweza ukachukua tikiti lako ukalikata na kutengeneza juice ya Tikiti kisha unakunywa ila sio lazima utengeneze Juice hata lenyewe tu unaweza ukalila. Ila jitahidi kutumia tunda hili hata kila siku kwani linasaidia sana kwa wenye matatizo ya nguvu za kiume.

CONSEQUENCES OF NOT TESTING BOTH STUDENTS AND TEACHERS IN TANZANIA

B. F. KIWALE

P.O BOX 774

IRINGA

© Kiwale, F. Brasto 2015

ISBN 9976 911 49 1

First printing 2015, December. 28.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or an means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author or B. F Consult P.O. Box 774, Iringa

Printing and publishing consultancy by

KAD Associates/ TFC, P.O Box 32746,

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

INTRODUCTION

Meanings of terms

Test is an instrument or a systematic procedure used to measure a particular behavior. It is like a balance used to obtain weight or a foot to obtain the height of an object or person (Babyegeya, 1998:4).

Testing is the use of devise to measure specific achievements of students of a student in terms given objectives (Omari, 2006:270).

Testing is a process usually involves four distinct stages; planning of the test, writing of the items, administering the test, scoring and analysis of the test (Mbunda, 2006: 125).

TYPES OF TESTS

Functions of testing

Determines whether students are learning what has been taught.

Motivate and helps student structure their academic efforts.

Alert students to topics or skills they have not yet mastered. (Omari, 2006:270).

Consequences of not testing student and teachers

Student’s progress cannot be determined simply because student will not be tested hence there will be difficult to know whether the progress of such student is good or bad.

It will be difficult to assess the effectiveness of the school, academically this will make difficult to determine the effectiveness of the school because it can be determined through testing both teachers and students.

It will be difficult to decide on promotion or selection of students, due to the fact that in order student to be selected to join with another level of education such from primary to secondary level there must be a qualification through testing.

Students will not be motivated. This will discourage them on studying hard since motivation encourages students to study hard. (Mbunda, 2006: 125).

To teacher

It will be difficult for teachers to identify strength and weakness of teaching and learning strategies.

Teachers will fail to identify if students are well capable with what they have learn.

Student will not study hard because they will know that no assessment.

It will not make sound instructional decision. Since through testing in teaching and learning process extends to guidance and counceling so if testing will not occurred guidance and counseling to students will not be properly done and guidance and counseling depend on testing. For example, it is the career master’s responsibility to advice and guide students to select subject combinations institution for further training and vocations it will not appropriate after graduation if test will not be administered. .(Babyegeya, 1998:4).

Sound administrative decision will not be reached/ achieved. The issues of selection of students from primary schools to secondary or secondary to tertially institution will not be achieved without testing. Also classification and grading is one of the administrative decisions which depend on testing so without testing those will not be achieved. (Babyegeya, 1998:4).

Research decisions will not be reached since best decisions are informed decisions are informed decisions and the appropriate information in varies situations is the one that results from tests and measurement. If test will not be administered there will not give the best research decision.(Babyegeya, 1998:4).

Failure to measure how well students have learned what they need to know in each subject.

Not testing of students and teachers lead to the failure of measuring how well a school is serving students and what may be needed in school curriculum.

Teachers will fail to grade the graduation requirements of showing mastery of the students’

Skills.

Lead to poor participation in the process of teaching and learning since teachers and student will don’t care about teaching and learning due to the absence of testing process. (http:// www.pps.k12.or.us.).

Cannot improve the qualities of education. This because we Tanzanians using this way to evaluate students, also teachers has been using it at increasing rate in performance of students, but if there is no test, it will be difficult to improve quality of education because through tests we expects meaningful standards to which school, teachers and students can aspire and help to shape instructions (Joan, Dreyfus and Golan, 1990:1). Also according to major research groups such as “the National Academy of sciences” clearly state that not testing student in a school cannot provides adequate information about school, quality and progress that helps genuine educational improvement ( www.fairtest.organization).

Cannot promote fast and broad changes within school, to student and to teacher. Through this we never expect fast changes to students and teachers. For example if a teacher do not providing tests become difficult to evaluate students, teaching aids and teaching strategies that he/she employ to teach them if are better or bad because are not tested (Herman and Golan,1991:3).

REFERENCE

Prof Mbunda,F.L. (2006). Application of teaching and learning theories. Open University of Tanzania:Dar es salaam.

Omari, I. M. (2006). Education Psychology for Teachers. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.

Babyegeya, E.B. (1998). Test and measurements. Open University of Tanzania: Msasani TIRDO Building.

Herman J, L. and Golan, S. (1991). Effects of Standardized Testing on Teachers and Learning—Another Look: CSE Technical Report 334. Washington DC: department of health, education and welfare.

Joan, H. , Dreyfus, J. and Golan, S. (1990). Effects of testing on teaching and learning: CSE Technical Report 327. U.S.

www.fairtest.organization.

www.pps.k12.or.us

SMS NZURI KWA UMPENDAYE

Furaha ni kawaida yangu, kununa si busara kwangu, kuishi nawewe vizuri ni sehemu ya Maisha yangu, kukusalimia ni hulka ya Moyo wangu, Uhali gani mpenzi?


Salamu yako ni nusu ya uhai wangu, kuikosa nisawa na kuidhulumu nafsi yangu, kuipata nisawa na ua ridi machoni mwangu, nakila ninapoipata huwa najisikia faraja moyoni mwangu, Nakupenda sana Muhibu wangu.


Usiku wa leo uwe ni wenye faraja kwako, utawaliwe na usingizi wa mahaba kwenye kope zako, naomba ujenge taswira yangu katika mawazo yako, Usisahau kuniota sweet wangu. USIKU MWEMA 


Fungua macho yako uone kopa za mahaba ninazokumwagia, fungua mikono yako na upokee mapenzi yangu, fungua simu yako uone ni jinsi gani ninavyokukumbuka japo kwa kukutumia sms mpenzi wangu, Nakutakia usiku mwema


Utamu wako ni zaidi ya asali, ni wa asili usiohitaji kuongezewa ladha ya sukari, nitaumiss endapo kama ukiwa mbali "NIACHE NIKUPENDE SWEET"


Moyo wangu umehifadhi hisia zako, nakuahidi kamwe sintopunguza upendo kwako, tunza sms hii ya ahadi kwenye simu yako, iwe kumbukumbu kila uisomapo! "NAKUPENDA MALAIKA WANGU"

Si vibaya mimi kukusifia kwani wewe ni wangu, nivingi umejaaliwa, vinavyouvutia moyo wangu, ama hakika uzuri wako umedhibiti matamanio yangu "SINTOMPENDA MWINGINE ZAIDI YAKO" 


Thamani ya Mapenzi yako nikubwa kwangu, haifanani nachochote kwenye huu ulimwengu, sina budi kumshukuru mungu, kwa kunijaalia mpenzi mwema unaejali hisia zangu, USICHOKE KUNIPENDA MPENZI


Mpenzi kila tunapokuwa chumbani huwa napenda kuwa mbunifu, huwa najitahidi kuepuka udhaifu, ili mapenzi yangu yasikukifu, ENDELEA KUFURAHIA MAPENZI YANGU. Mchana mwema


Wewe ni wapekee ninaekupenda, sifikirii kukusaliti na wala sina wazo la kukutenda, nakuomba tuendelee kupendana siku zote habbity wangu


Mapenzi ni matamu napia yana raha, wewe hauni ishi hamu, siku zote wanipa raha, wewe kwangu ni mtu muhimu, unaeng'aa moyoni mwangu kama nyota ya jaha. "NAKUOMBA USINIACHE MPENZI WANGU"


Pokea sms yangu iliyojaa utamu, nimeipamba kwa maneno laini yenye ladha adimu, utamu wake ni kama apple haufanani na ndimu, nimeituma kwako sms hii ikuletee salamu "UHALI GANI MPENZI?"


Dhamira kuu ya Moyo wangu ni Mapenzi, kukupenda kwa dhati bila kipingamizi, kuishi nawewe kihalali kwa kudra za wazazi, Nipende nikupende Tudumishe Mapenzi. "NAKUTAKIA MCHANA MWEMA MPENZI WANGU"

Katika hadithi zile za kale,
Watu walipendana nyakati zile,
Kwa mapenzi matamu yenye ukweli,
Mapenzi yao hayakujali mali,
Mapenzi yao yalipendeza sana,
Mapenzi yao ya kuaminiana,
Mapenzi yale mie nayatamani,
Ninayahitaji kutoka moyoni,
Ninajuwa mapenzi hayachagui,
Yanapojenga moyo wenye uhai,
Kuna mioyo inajuwa kupenda,
Mapenzi yake hayawezi kupinda,
Mapenzi yawezayo kukuzuzuwa,
Mapenzi moyoni yaliyotulia,
Mapenzi halisi ninayoyaimba,
Ambayo kutoka kwako nayaomba.

Njoo sogea nipe pendo la dhati,
Mapenzi ya uwongo siyafuati,
Njoo kwangu mpenzi we usisite,
Nami nitakupa moyo wangu wote,
Nikisema hivi utanisikia,
Nikitaka hiki utanipatia,
Kumbuka siku ya kwanza nilisema,
Nakupenda wewe tu hadi kiama,
Nikaandika tungo kwa ajili yako,
Nikaonesha mapenzi yangu kwako,
Ndivyo hivyo kamwe sitobadilika,
Nitakupenda pasipo kukuchoka,
Mapenzi yangu kwako usiyakwepe,
Naomba mapenzi halisi unipe,
Kwangu wewe usiwe na wasiwasi,
Nami nitakupa mapenzi halisi.

Siogopi kukupenda, hata watu wakisema,
Kukukosa ninakonda, mwilini ninayo homa,
Moyo mbio wanienda, nisikwone siku nzima,
Siogopi kukupenda, hata watu wakisema.

Moyo wangu una wewe, tele tele umejaa,
Ningepatwa na kiwewe, kama ungenikataa,
Mapenzi yote nipewe, nipende kila wasaa,
Siogopi kukupenda, hata watu wakisema.

Maneno nishasikia, yapo tokea kitambo,
Kwa wivu wanaumia, kukukosa ee mrembo,
Kwangu umesharidhia, huhitaji tena nyimbo,
Siogopi kukupenda, hata watu wakisema.

Waseme yote mchana, walale hapo usiku,
Mioyo yawanyongona, imejaa dukuduku,
Sisi tunavyopendana, wamebaki zumbukuku,
Siogopi kukupenda, hata watu wakisema.

Raha kwako naipata, hakika nimeridhika,
Kwako hakuna matata, moyo wangu umefika,
Usiku ninakuota, kwako naliwazika,
Siogopi kukupenda, hata watu wakisema.

Upendo uso kipimo, wewe nimekupatia,
Moyo unalo tuwamo, raha naipata pia,
Kwenye moyo wangu umo, raha yangu ya dunia,
Siogopi kukupenda, hata watu wakisema.

Wenye kusema waseme, waseme hadi wachoke,
Roho zao ziwaume, ziwaume wakereke,
Mioyoni ziwachome, wachomeke wakauke,
Siogopi kukupenda, hata watu wakisema.

Wenye wivu uwashike, uwashike uwagande,
Zaidi wahuzunike, wahuzunike wakonde,
Chakula kisiwashuke, wacha mie nikupende,
Siogopi kukupenda, hata watu wakisema.

Ni raha mwangu moyoni, wewe kuwa ndiwe wangu,
Nimezama furahani, rahani chini ya mbingu,
Sisi tumo mapenzini, tuache ya walimwengu,
Siogopi kukupenda, hata watu wakisema.

Mpenzi nakusifia, uzuri wa malaika,
Urembo ulozidia, hakika umeumbika,
Nami ninajivunia, kwako wewe nimefika,
U pekee duniani.

Hakika we u mzuri, kwa sifa zenye kujaa,
Kama nyota alfajiri, maishani unang'aa,
Uzuriwo u dhahiri, hakuna anokataa,
U pekee duniani.

Unayo sauti tamu, nyoka kutoka pangoni,
Mejaa mashamshamu, utamu masikioni,
Huniletea wazimu, kusisimuwa moyoni,
U pekee duniani.

Una rangi asilia, yang'ara kama dhahabu,
Rangi iliyotulia, wengine yawapa gubu,
Sichoki kukusifia, wewe ndo wangu muhibu,
U pekee duniani.

Macho kama ya gololi, na mapole kama njiwa,
Sifa wazistahili, kwani umebarikiwa,
Leo nasema ukweli, wanifanya kunogewa,
U pekee duniani.

Mwendo wako wa kuringa, mrembo mwendo mwendole,
Moyo wangu waukonga, waujaza raha tele,
Nipo radhi kukuhonga, sikupate watu wale,
U pekee duniani.

Sifa zako zimezidi, wewe u nambari wani,
Wewe kwangu maridadi, mwingine simtamani,
Nakupa yangu ahadi, daima 'takuthamini,
U pekee duniani.

Wewe wanipa sababu, kufurahia mapenzi,
Wako ustaarabu, hakika nitakuenzi,
Kukutunza ni wajibu, udumu wetu upenzi,
U pekee duniani.

leo nataka kuzungumzia maneno ya mahaba, jamani tunajuwa ya kwamba ukiwa na mpenzi wako unafurahi zaidi pale japo muda fulani atakupa maneno matamu, na mazuri na yenye kuzidi kukupa moyo wa wewe kuzidi kutaka kuwa naye...

sasa kuna wapenzi wengine hata mimi nilishapitia mmoja wakati fulani, jamani wanaume na wanawake wenzangu hebu tujitahidi maneno kama mpenzi, honey, sweety, mkiwa mbele za watu kumuita mpenzi wako sio mbaya maana wengine haswa waliozaa utasikia baba fulani mara mama fulani inamaana baada ya kuzaa mpenzi, sweety, honey umeisha?????? tunawapenda sana watoto wetu lakini wao wananafasi yao na mwenza wako ananafasi yake...

kwenye sita kwa sita watu utawakuta kimya tu madai wanasikilizia uhondo, jamani kuna maneno pale ama mnaoneana aibu sasa kwangu raha mpenzi aongee aniambie anavyojisikia wapi niongeze, vipi nikae, wapi nimshike kwa sauti ya taratibu na yenye mapenzi tele....sijui wewe mwenzangu

sasa pakiwa kimya tu jamani na ndio kwa mfano kitanda ndio vileeee ukigeuka tu majirani mpaka watujuwa hizo kwinyo kwinyo kwinyo hapo kwenye mechi sindio balaa maana utakuwa usikilizii raha unakilaani kitanda tu hichi nacho mpaka watu wajuwe leo napewa.....

kama mnaona aibu kuongea basi kama chumbani kuna redio wekeni hata mziki wa taratibu kuwahamasisha zaidi, maana ule ndio utakaoongea kwa niaba...

maneno ya mahaba jamani ndio mafuta tosha ya kuendesha hilo gari la mapenzi...

Landforms shaped by Wind

Desert Landforms

By Anna, Caitie, Jasmin and Eleni

• Home
• Desert Processes
• Desert Landforms
• References

Landforms shaped by Wind

Areas where there is little or no vegetation are usually the most effected places that experience shaping due to wind. This happens when the wind picks up weathered rock materials and uses them to sand-blast larger rock structures on the zone closet to the ground. The formation of rock-strewn reg surfaces has resulted in the removal of finer material by wind. The wind also plays an important role in moving and reshaping dunes. Examples of landforms that are obvious in deserts are rock pedestals, Yardangs, Desert pavements, Deflation hollows, Oasis and Sand dunes. 

Rock Pedestals

Rock pedestals are landforms created by abrasion in which grains cut away the base of rock structures but leaves their tips intact. This is due to wind-borne sand grains following bouncing trajectories that carry sand as high as 1m above the ground. 

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Deflation Hollows

When the sand is carried away over long distances by the wind, depressions are formed in the area from which is lands in. These depressions are called deflation hollows and are commonly found in non-mountainous arid regions. Deflation hollows are an example of wind erosion causing deflation yet these depressions also tend to collect rainwater and hold this water for a time depending on evaporation rates through the stones. 

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Oasis

Oasis' are found in the middle of deserts as fertile spots containing one or more springs surrounded by vegetation. This is caused by a variety of different temperature extremes causing islands of life. This outcome is due to oasis usually been located in parts of the desert where the elevation is low enough meaning the water table is underneath the surface, allowing life to grow through their roots extending into the moist land. Water is able to run right through the sand as it is holey hence why the water can stay underneath the surface especially when large quantities of sand is moved due to wind erosion. 

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Sand Dunes

There are two different types of sand dunes which are the barchan dunes and seif dunes. These are differentiated as barchan dunes are produced by the action of wind predominately convex facing from one direction forming crescent-shaped dunes , whereas the seif dunes are long and narrow or can be a chain of dunes. These dunes are generally orientated in a direction parallel to the wind or in a direction in which have been the result of two or more winds blowing at acute angles to each other. Wind directions can also alter the series of peaks, gaps, steepness and the face of the sides. These sand dunes are mostly found in open deserts and rest on a base of a sand sheet.  Sand dunes are a result of deposition processes. 

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Yardangs 

Similarly Yardangs are also the result of sand grains pushed by persistent winds to form low ridges of sand carved in soft rock. This is commonly found in flat deserts where steady winds blow away dust and silt. Higher front faces of Yardangs are undercut as erosion is concentrated in the lower areas because wind driven sand stays near the ground. These are an example of erosional landforms

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Desert Pavements 

Pavements are commonly covered with stones rather than sand. This may be due to the wind blowing away the finest material leaving the stones behind as they are the bigger particles and remain as a lag deposit or may be through various physical processes including the soil in the ground as the fine materials are moved down beneath the pebbles. This results in the stones remaining on top. Desert pavements can be used as mulch for plants or as a shelter for ants and rodents

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DESERT LANDFORMS: KIWALE BRASTO FROM RUAHA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

Desert Landforms

Wadi: An arabic term that refers to a valley. In some cases it can also refer to a dry riverbed that only experiences water when there is a heavy rain fall. Unlike other valleys a wadi has been cut and eroded by water however because it is in desert it rarely experiences any constant water except for during the rainy season. Deposition is very common in a feature such as this because of the fact that the water dries up and is no longer able to carry a load of sediment that it has.

Playas: An area of very dry land that is found below the sea level. Flats like this often consist of fine grained sediments such as salts. During the dry season the surface of the lake is usually hard and rough, where as in the rainy season it gets wet and soft. The water usually creates a small hole meaning there is a very shallow lake in the desert.

Alluvial Fans: Often found in the desert where periodic flash floods occur. They often have a large funnel shaped basin at the top which then creates a very narrow stream which then opens into an alluvial fan at the end of its course. These alluvial fans are often home to much more life and plants then the rest of the desert due to the fact that any nutritional sediment and water will end up here.

Bajada: When many alluvial fans all come together in one place, or deposit in the same area it creates a bajada. Because of the gathering of all the fans it means that there is much more water and sediment then usual, and it is quite evenly spread out throughout the whole bajada.

Mesa: An elevated area of land that has a very steep sides and a flat top. They are formed by the weathering and erosion of horizontally layered rocks that are lifted by the tectonic activity of the area. Due to the fact that some rocks erode faster then others, or others are stronger it means that stronger rocks usually make it to the top and the weaker rock is at the bottom.

Butte: An isolated hill with very steep sides,

and a small somewhat flat top. Typically they say that a mesa has a top wider then its height and a butte has a height larger then its width.

Canyon: A deep ravine between cliffs, often carved into the landscape by a river. They are formed when there is stronger rock on either side of where the water is eroding. This means that the water is able to cut vertically but not horizontally.



Deflation Hollow or Basin: Created by wind action. Fine grained particles from rocks that are easily weathered are carried away creating a hollow. As the hollow deepens they collect water during the rainy season. This water helps speed up the weathering of the rock creating more particles to be blown away by the wind. Due to this the hollow is able to deepen faster then the rest of the land surrounding it, creating a large hole in the ground.

Barchan: A sand ridge in the shape of an arc. Wind can often push the dunes through the desert, and they can stretch in size anywhere from a few meters to hundreds of meters long. They occur in the opposite direction of the parabolic dunes and have their steep slip face on the concave instead of the convex of the dune. Its extend arms are in front of it instead of behind it.

Parabolic Dunes: U or V-shaped mounds of sand that has an elongated arm that extends upwind. They are always associated with vegetation which help anchor the trailing arms of the dune. They are found in areas where the wind only blows in one directions. Slip faces occur on the outer size of the dune and on the slops of the elongated arms.


Pedestal Rock: A large bolder on top of a very narrow base. This occurs when there is soft rock underneath that is easily eroded and harder rock on top that can not be eroded away.



Arch: Formed where there is soft rock surrounded by hard rock. Deep cracks penetrate into the sandstone layer and erosion wears away exposing the rocks layers and enlarging the surface cracks. Softer rock gets broken away by wind and the little amount of rain forming arches where the soft rock being broken away creates a hole in the harder rock.

Salt Flats: Formed where there are dry lake beds. It is an area of very dry land that occurs below the sea level. It receives much of the sediment that is deposited. In the case of a salt flat this if often salt deposits that are left in a large dry lake bed.


Badland: Form where deep beds of easily eroded rock is exposed to erosion. The infrequent heavy rains are able to cut out stream channels. This results in gullies, carved hillsides and tall spires of the most resistant rock to erosion.



Despite the lack or limited amount of precipitation in deserts, water is the major agent of erosion. Rainfall when it comes is brief and intense, and due to the hard rocky surface and limited vegetation tends to RUN OFF, creating FLASH floods. Because of limited precipitation PHYSICAL weathering is dominant. The main physical processes are HEATING-COOLING ,FREEZING-THAWING, and EXFOLIATION. Despite the fact that water is the most important agent of erosion in deserts, wind is quite important too. The action of wind eroding, transporting and depositing sediments is called EOLIAN processes. Wind erosion is common because there is little VEGETATION to hold the sand or sediment in place. Deflation is the large scale removal of sediment by wind. Abrasion is the process where sand carried by the wind “sandblasts” rocks. Regions covered in sand are called SAND SEAS or ERGS. Regions which are bare rock are called DESERT PAVEMENTS or REGS in Algeria.